Other Non-Print Sources
Interviews
Interviews fall into three categories: published interviews, personal interviews, and research participant interviews. However, only published interviews require a formal citation in your reference list. To cite a published interview, follow the format for the reference type (e.g., magazine article, podcast episode). Cite a personal interview as a personal communication.
Personal Communications
Any communication that cannot be directly retrieved by a reader is considered “personal communication.” Emails, phone conversations, text messages, and social media messages are all examples of personal communication.
Example : (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2020).
Audiovisual Media
Audiovisual media may have both visual and audio components (e.g., films, TV shows, youTube videos), audio components only (e.g., music, speech recordings) or visual components only (e.g., artwork, PowerPoint slides, photographs). The reference examples are divided into those categories and follow the same format.
Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of work [Description]. Production
company. URL
Audio Works
Describe the audio work in square brackets--for example, "[Audio podcast episode]," "[Song]," and so forth in the title element of the reference. In the source element, provide the name of the label for music albums or singles; or the name of the streaming site that hosts an audio podcast. If you want to reproduce an audio work rather than just cite it, you may need to seek permission from the copyright owner.
Visual Works
Audiovisual media may have both visual and audio components (e.g., films, TV shows, youTube videos), audio components only (e.g., music, speech recordings) or visual components only (e.g., artwork, PowerPoint slides, photographs). The reference examples are divided into those categories and follow the same format.
| Source Type | Reference List |
In-Text Citations (Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| Film or Video |
Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring [Film; four-disc special extended ed. On DVD]. WingNut Films; The Saul Zaentz Company.
Chapman, B., Hickner, S., & Wells, S. (Directors). (1998). The prince of Egypt [Film]. DreamWorks Pictures. |
(Jackson, 2001) Jackson (2001)
(Chapman el al., 1998) Chapman et al. (1998)
|
| TV Series |
Simon, D., Colesberry, R. F., & Kostroff Noble, N. (Executive Producers). (2002-2008). The wire [TV series]. Blown Deadline Productions; HBO.
Note : When the series spans multiple years, separate the years with an en dash. If the series is still airing, replace the second year with word “present” eg: (2015- present). |
(Simon et al., 2002-2008) Simon et al. (2002-2008) |
| TV Series episode or Webisode |
Oakley, B., & Weinstein, J. (Writers), & Lynch, J. (Director). (1995, May 21). Who shot Mr. Burns? (Part One) (Season 6, Episode 25) [TV series episode]. In D. Mirkin, J. L. Brooks, M. Groening, & S. Simon (Executive Producers). The Simpsons. Gracie Films; Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation.
Note : Include writer(s) and the director for the episode. Include the contributor roles in parentheses after each contributor’s name. “Writer” and “Director” are shown here, but “Executive Director” or other role descriptions might also be used. Provide the season number and episode after the title in parentheses. |
(Oakley et al., 1995) Oakley et al. (1995) |
| TED Talk |
Giertz, S. (2018, April). Why you should make useless things [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/si mone_giertz_why_you_sh ould_make_useless_things
TED. (2012, March 16). Brene Brown: Listening to shame [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psN1DORYYVO
Note : When the TED Talk comes from TED’s website (as with the Giertz example), use the name of the speaker as the author. When the TED Talk is on YouTube, list the owner of the YouTube account (here, TED) as the author to aid in retrieval. |
(Giertz, 2018) Giertz (2018)
(TED, 2012) TED (2012) |
| Webinar, Recorded |
Goldberg, J. F. (2018). Evaluating adverse drug effects [Webinar]. American Psychiatric Association. https://education.psyc hiatry.org/Users/ProductDetails .aspx?ActivityID=6172
Note : Use this format only for recorded, retrievable webinars. Cite unrecorded webinars as personal communications |
(Goldberg, 2018) Goldberg (2018) |
| YouTube Video or Other Streaming Video |
Cutts, S. (2017, November 24). Happiness [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/244405542
University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=qm1xGfOZJc8 |
(Cutts, 2017) Cutts (2017
(University of Oxford, 2018) University of Oxford (2018) |
| Music Album |
Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos: Concertos BWV 1043 & 1060 [Album recorded by Academy of St Martin in the Fields]. Decca. (Original work published 1721)
Bowie, D. (2016). Blackstar [Album]. Columbia.
Note : For a recording of a classical work, provide the composer as the author, and note (in square brackets) following the title the individual or group who recorded the version you used. Provide the publication date for the version you used, and provide the year of original composition in parentheses at the end of the reference. |
(Bach, 2010) Bach (2010)
(Bowie, 2016) Bowie (2016)
|
| Single Song or Track |
Beyonce. (2016). Formation [Song]. On Lemonade. Parkwood; Columbia
Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [song recorded by Staatskapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Compete symphonies. Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)
Note : If the song has no associated album, omit that part of the reference. Include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieval. |
(Beyonce, 2016) Beyonce (2016)
(Beethoven, 2012) Beethoven (2012) |
| Podcast |
Thompson, D. (Host). (2018-present). Crazy/Genius [Audio podcast]. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/crazygenius/
Govey, J. (Host). (2020, November 28). Woman’s hour: The crown, Diana and a new generation. [Audio podcast]. https://player.fm/series/womans-hour.
Webster, M., & Abumrad, J. (Hosts). (2020, September 11). Bringing gamma back, again [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab. WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles /bringing-gamma-back
Hannah-Jones, N. (Host). (2019, September 13). How the bad blood started (No. 4) [Audio podcast episode]. In 1619. The New York Times. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/episode-4-howthe- bad-bloodstarted/id1476928106?i=1000449718223 |
(Thompson, 2018) Thompson (2018)
(Govey, 2020) Govey (2020)
(Webster & Abumrad, 2020) Webster and Abumrad (2020)
(Hannah-Jones, 2019) Hannah-Jones (2019) |
| PowerPoint Slides or Lecture Notes |
Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [Powerpoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login
Rustad, J. (n.d.). Importance of scholarly voice [Google slides]. Blackboard@CSS. https://courses.css.edu/
Note : When citing an online slides and lecture notes, provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title. |
(Mack & Spake, 2018) Mack and Spake (2018)
(Rustad, n.d.). Rustad (n,d,) |