Basic Format for Books
1 Author :
Author Surname / Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for
subtitle. Publisher
2 Authors :
Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher
With Edition :
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year or publication). Title of book (edition). Publisher.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book :
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book
(pages of chapter). Publisher.
| Source Type | Reference List |
In-Text Citations (Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| 1 Author |
Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action. (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books. |
(Jackson, 2019) Jackson (2019)
(Sapolsky, 2017) Sapolsky (2017) |
| Book published with new foreword by another author. |
Kübler-Ross, E. (with Byock, I.). (2014). On death & dying: What the dying have to teach doctors, nurses, clergy & their own families. (50th anniversary ed.). Scribner. (Original work published 1969) |
(Kübler-Ross, 1969/2014) Kübler-Ross (1969/2014) |
| Anonymous Author |
Anonymous. (2000). Maximum Security (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
Note : In your reference list, include such titles in your alphabetical listing as if 'Anonymous' were a true name.
|
(Anonymous, 2000) Anonymous (2000) |
| Edited Book (Without Author/Authors) |
Leitch, M. G., & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new companion to Malory. D. S. Brewer. Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic Press. Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., & Sue, D. W. (Eds.). (2019). Microaggression theory: Influence and implications. John Wiley & Sons. |
(Leitch & Rushton, 2019) Leitch and Rushton (2019
(Keshwarni, 2020) Keshwarni (2020)
(Torino et al., 2019) Torino et al. (2019) |
| Edited Book (With Author/Authors) |
Austen, J. (2005). Mansfield Park (J. Wiltshire, Ed.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1814) |
(Austen, 1814/2005) Austen (1814/2005) |
| A Translation |
Castro, F. (2008). My life (A. Hurley, Trans.). Dover. (Original work published 2006). Cho, N.-J. (2020). Kim Jiyoung, Born 1982: A Novel (J. Chang, Trans.). Liveright. (Original work published 2016).
Note : When you cite a republished work in your text, it should appear with both dates. Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1966). La psychologie del’enfant [The psychology of the child]. Quadrige. |
(Castro, 2006/2008) Castro (2006/2008)
(Cho, 2016/2020) Cho (2016/2020)
(Piaget & Inhelder, 1966) Piaget and Inhelder (1966) |
|
Edition *Only for 2nd edition onwards. |
Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. Harris, L. A. (2001). Canadian copyright law. (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill Ryerson. |
(Belcher, 2019) Belcher (2019)
(Harris, 2001) Harris (2001) |
| Article or Chapter in an Edited Book |
Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.
Note: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). |
(Armstrong, 2019) Armstrong (2019) |
| Multivolume Work |
Levinson, D. & Ember, M. (Eds.). (1996). Encyclopedia of cultural anthropology (Vols. 1-4). Henry Holt. David, A., & Simpson, J. (Eds.). (2006). The Norton anthology of English literature: The Middle Ages (8th ed., Vol. A). W. W. Norton and Company.
Note : Use Vol. for a single volume and Vols. for multiple volumes. |
(Levinson & Ember, 1996) Levinson and Ember (1996)
(David & Simpson, 2006) David and Simpson (2006) |
E-Books
Author, A. A. (Date of publication).Title of book. Publisher. http://www.someaddress.co m/full/url/.
| Source Type | Reference List |
In-Text Citations (Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| E-Books |
Steed, J., & Stevenson, F. (2012). Sourcing ideas. AVA Publishing. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true& db=nlebk&AN=441961&site=ehost-live |
(Steed & Stevenson, 2012) Steed and Stevenson (2012)
|
Articles in Periodicals
Basic Form
The APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized or underlined.
Journals paginated by issue begin with page one in every issue. Therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number),
pages.
| Article Type | Reference List | In-Text Citations
(Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| Article in Journal Paginated by Volume |
Rush, M. A., Skora, J. I., Lawrence, J. H., & D'Aurora Richardson, L. (2019). Health care's new wilderness: The intersection of telehealth and ancillary services. Journal of Health Care Compliance, 21, 5-16.
Note : Continuous pagination throughout volume. |
(Rush et al., 2019) Rush et al. (2019) |
| Article in Journal Paginated by Issue |
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207-217.
Note : Journals paginated by issue begin with page one in every issue. Therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined. |
(Grady et al., 2019) Grady et al. (2019) |
| Article in Journal, in press |
Pachur, T., & Scheibehenne, B. (in press). Unpacking buyer- seller differences in valuation from experience: A cognitive modeling approach. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.
|
(Pachur & Scheibehenne, in press.). Pachur and Scheibehenne (in press) |
| Article in a Magazine |
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31. |
(Henry, 1990) Henry (1990) |
| Article in a Newspaper |
Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bombgrade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.
Note : If you used a print version of the newspaper article, provide the page or pages of the article after the newspaper title. Do not include the abbreviations “p.” or “pp.” before the page(s).
|
(Harlan, 2013) Harlan (2013) |
| Letter to the Editor |
Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American, 287(2), 12. |
(Moller, 2002) Moller (2002) |
| Review |
Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466- 467. |
(Baumeister, 1993) Baumeister (1993) |
Encyclopedia
Printed:
Author Surname, Initials., & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Encyclopedia. Publisher.
URL
Electronic:
Author Last Name, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. In Author or Editor with (Ed.) or (Eds.), Title of
Encyclopedia (Vols. xx, pp. xx-xx). Publisher.
| Source Type | Reference List | In-Text Citations
(Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| Encyclopedia |
Graham, G. (2019). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.) The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (summer 2019 ed.). Stanford University. https://plato.standford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries /behaviorism/ Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Encyclopedia Britannica. |
(Graham, 2019) Graham (2019)
(Bergmann, 1993) Bergmann (1993) |
Work Discussed in a Secondary Source
Format
Author Last Name, A. A., & Author Last Name, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
number(issue number), pages.
| Source Type | Reference List | In-Text Citations
(Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| Secondary Source |
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
Note: Give the secondary source in the references list. In the text, name the original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. |
In Seidenberg and McClelland's (1989, as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) study ... …as was found (Seidenberg and McClelland, 1989, as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993). |
Government Document
Format
If the author is sub-division use as the author and mention the parent organization.
When the author / organization and the website name are the same, omit the website name.
| Source Type | Reference List | In-Text Citations
(Parenthetical &Narrative) |
|
Government Document |
National Cancer Institute. (2018). Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment (NIH Publication No. 18- 2424). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patienteducation/life-after- treament.pdf Office for Disability Issues. (2019). Disability action plan 2019-2023. New Zealand Ministry of Social Development. https://www.odi.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/ODIDisability-Action-Plan- 2019-9-WEB-SINGLES.pdf Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. (2020, October 5). Annex 2a: Management of suspected case not required admission. http://covid19.moh.gov.my/garis-panduan/garis- panduankkm/Annex_2a_Management_Suspected_Case_Not _Admitted.pdf Transport Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Administrative Region. (2019, April 19). 14 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). https://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/its /index.html
|
(National Cancer Institute, 2018) National Cancer Institute (2018)
(Office for Disability Issues, 2019) Office for Disability Issues (2019)
(Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, 2020) Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (2020)
(Transport Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Administrative Region, 2019) Transport Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Administrative Region (2019) |
Report from a Private Organization
Format
Author & publisher same.
Omit the publisher from the reference to avoid repetition.
| Source Type | Reference List | In-Text Citations
(Parenthetical &Narrative) |
|
Report from a Private Organization |
Association of Ambulance Chief Executives & Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee. (2019). JRCALC clinical guidelines 2019 pocket book.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.). |
(Association of Ambulance Chief Executives & Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee, 2019)
Association of Ambulance Chief Executives and Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee (2019).
(American Psychiatric Association, 2000) American Psychiatric Association (2000)
|
Conference Paper
| SourceType | Reference List | In-Text Citations
(Parenthetical &Narrative) |
|
Published Conference Paper in Book Form |
Hasmah Zanuddin, & Azizah Hamzah. (2007). International trade agreement of intellectual property rights (TRIPS), copyright issues & burden to enforce in Malaysia. In K.Y. Choi (Ed.), Korean studies in Southeast Asia: Strategic cooperation and development in research and education: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the Korean Studies Association of Southeast Asia University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (pp. 121-138). Universiti Malaya. |
(Hasmah Zanuddin & Azizah Hamzah, 2007) Hasmah Zanuddin and Azizah Hamzah (2007).
|
| Proceedings published regularly online |
Gross, J., & Böhm, R. (2020). Voluntary restrictions on self- reliance increase cooperation and mitigate wealth inequality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 202013744. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.20 13744117 Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., & Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, 245-249. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105
Note : To cite proceedings that are published regularly, use the same format as periodical. |
(Gross & Bohm, 2020) Gross and Bohm (2020)
(Herculano-Houzel et al., 2008) Herculano-Houzel et al. (2008) |
| Unpublished Conference Paper |
Ardieansyah & Zuliskandar Ramli. (2019, July 27-28). Stakeholders in Sumatra Senepis’s tiger conservation area management [Paper presentation]. Seminar Antarabangsa Arkeologi, Sejarah, Bahasa dan Budaya Di Alam Melayu (ASBAM), Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Nadaraja Kannan. (2006, November). The economic depression of the 1930s: Its impact on race relations in the Federated Malay State [Paper presentation]. International Association of Historians of Asia Conference, Manila, Philippines. |
(Ardieansyah & Zuliskandar Ramli, 2019) Ardieansyah and Zuliskandar Ramli (2019)
(Nadaraja Kannan, 2006) Nadaraja Kannan (2006) |
| Poster Presentation at a Conference |
Pearson, J. (2018, September 27-30). Fat talk and its effects on state-based body image in women [Poster presentation]. Australian Psychological Society 15 Congress, Sydney, NSW, Australia. http://bit.ly/2XGSThP |
(Pearson, 2018) Perason (2018) |
Thesis
| Source Type | Reference List | In-Text Citations
(Parenthetical &Narrative) |
|
Academic Exercise / Thesis (Unpublished) |
Cheah, W. Y. (2019). Microalgae cultivation in palm oil mill effluent for fuel feedstock production [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Universiti Malaya.
Note : [Unpublished academic exercise]; [Unpublished master’s thesis]; [Unpublished doctoral dissertation] |
(Cheah, 2019) Cheah (2019).
|
| Master's Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation from a commercial database |
Richardson, D. D. (2019). Purloined subjects: Race, gender, and the legacies of colonial surveillance in the British Caribbean (Publication No. 27602842) [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Akron]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Note : [Academic exercise]; [Master’s thesis]; [Doctoral dissertation]. |
(Richardson, 2019) Richardson (2019)
|
| Master’s Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation from an institutional database (sometimes referred to as a Commons / Digital Archives) or Online |
Ahmed, L. (2019). Scalable analysis of large datasets in life sciences [Doctoral dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden]. KTH Diva-Portal. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva261683
Aini Hayati Abdul Rahim (2020). Surface roughness of cobalt chromium alloy fabricated with selective laser melting and conventional techniques [Master’s thesis, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia]. University of Malaya Student Repository. http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/11521
Note :[Master’s thesis]; [Doctoral dissertation]. |
(Ahmed, 2019) Ahmed (2019)
(Aini Hayati Abdul Rahim, 2020) Aini Hayati Abdul Rahim (2020) |
Electronic Sources
Article with DOI:
Author Surname / Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume
number, page range. http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/000 0
Article without DOI:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue
number if available).http://www.somead dress.com/full/url/
Magazine Article (Online)
Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Magazine. http://www.someaddress.co m/fullurl
Newspaper Article (Online)
Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, page number(s), http://www.someaddress.co
m/fullurl
| Source Type | Reference List |
In-Text Citations (Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| Journal article with a DOI |
Varalakshmi, R., & Arunachalam, K. (2020). Covid 2019 - role of faculty members to keep mental activeness of students. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102091- 102091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102091
Wooldridge, M. B., & Shapka, J. (2012). Playing with technology: Mother-toddler interaction scores lower during play with electronic toys. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 211218.http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2012.05.005
Note : APA 7th ed. does not include database information; instead, the home page URL of the journal is used. |
(Varalakshmi & Arunachalam, 2019) Varalakshmi and Arunachalam (2019)
(Wooldridge & Shapka, 2012) Wooldridge and Shapka (2012) |
| Journal article without a DOI from a website (nondatabase URL) |
Ahmad Alif Kamal, Norhunaini Mohd Shaipullah, Liyana Truna, Muna Sabri, & Syahrul N Junaini. (2020). Transitioning to online learning during Covid-19 pandemic: Case study of a Pre-University centre in Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 11. https://philpapers.org /rec/KAMTTO-8 |
(Ahmad Alif Kamal et al., 2020) Ahmad Alif Kamal et al., (2020) |
| Journal article with a DOI, combination of individual and group authors |
De Vries, R., Nieuwenhuijze, M., Buitendijk, S. E., & Members of Midwifery Science Work Group. (2013). What does it take to have a strong and independent profession of midwifery? Lessons from the Netherlands. Midwifery, 29(10), 1122-1128. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.midw.2013.07.007 |
(De Vries et al., 2013) De Vries et al., (2013) |
| Magazine Article |
Georgiou, A. (2020, September 9). Supercharged hurricane season may be so intense we need a whole new alphabet to name all the storms. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek .com/hurricaneseason-may-need-new-alphabet-1530713 |
(Georgiou, 2020) Georgiou (2020) |
| Newspaper article |
Watson, S., Hubler, S., Ivory, D., & Gebeloff, R. (2020, September 6). A new front in America’s pandemic: College towns. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/06/us/coll egescoronavirusstudents.htmlaction=click&module=Top %20Stories&pgtype=Homepage |
(Watson et al., 2020) Watson et al. (2020) |
Webpage & Website
Author or Group name. (Date of publication). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). http://www.someaddress.co
\m/fullurl
| Webpage Type | Reference List |
In-Text Citations (Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| Webpage on a Website with an Individual Author |
Ellis, R. (2020, September 11). Dining out linked to increased Covid-19 risk. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200911/diningout- linked-to-increased-covid-19-risk |
(Ellis, 2020) Ellis (2020)
|
| Webpage on a Website with Group Author |
World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelco ronavirus2019?gclid=Cj0KCQjwoJX8BRCZARIsAEWBFMKdX YCSRt6IENnNd4RZ0tgjoPvcaC1vv8j61WKEYME5esHOOVxEqn kaAl4pEALw_wcB |
(World Health Organization, 2020) World Health Organization (2020) |
| Webpage on a Website with no date |
National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Depression. https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/MentalHealth- Conditions/Depression |
(National Alliance on Mental Illness, n.d.). National Alliance on Mental Illness (n.d.) |
Computer Software / Mobile Apps
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B (Date of publication). Title of work (Version) [Computer software/Mobile app]. Publisher.
http://www.someaddress.co m/full/url/
| Source Type | Reference List |
In-Text Citations (Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| Computer Software / Mobile Apps |
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2014). Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 3.3.070) [Computer Software]. Biostat. https://www.meta-analysisi.com/ Epocrates. (2019). Epocrates medical references (Version 18.12) [Mobile app]. App Store. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/epocr ates/id2819357 88?mt=8 |
(Borenstein et al., 2014) Borenstein et al. (2014)
(Epocrates, 2019) Epocrates (2019)
|
Other Non-Print Sources
Interviews
Interviews fall into three categories: published interviews, personal interviews, and research participant interviews. However, only published interviews require a formal citation in your reference list. To cite a published interview, follow the format for the reference type (e.g., magazine article, podcast episode). Cite a personal interview as a personal communication.
Personal Communications
Any communication that cannot be directly retrieved by a reader is considered “personal communication.” Emails, phone conversations, text messages, and social media messages are all examples of personal communication.
Example : (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2020).
Audiovisual Media
Audiovisual media may have both visual and audio components (e.g., films, TV shows, youTube videos), audio components only (e.g., music, speech recordings) or visual components only (e.g., artwork, PowerPoint slides, photographs). The reference examples are divided into those categories and follow the same format.
Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of work [Description]. Production
company. URL
Audio Works
Describe the audio work in square brackets--for example, "[Audio podcast episode]," "[Song]," and so forth in the title element of the reference. In the source element, provide the name of the label for music albums or singles; or the name of the streaming site that hosts an audio podcast. If you want to reproduce an audio work rather than just cite it, you may need to seek permission from the copyright owner.
Visual Works
Audiovisual media may have both visual and audio components (e.g., films, TV shows, youTube videos), audio components only (e.g., music, speech recordings) or visual components only (e.g., artwork, PowerPoint slides, photographs). The reference examples are divided into those categories and follow the same format.
| Source Type | Reference List |
In-Text Citations (Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| Film or Video |
Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring [Film; four-disc special extended ed. On DVD]. WingNut Films; The Saul Zaentz Company.
Chapman, B., Hickner, S., & Wells, S. (Directors). (1998). The prince of Egypt [Film]. DreamWorks Pictures. |
(Jackson, 2001) Jackson (2001)
(Chapman el al., 1998) Chapman et al. (1998)
|
| TV Series |
Simon, D., Colesberry, R. F., & Kostroff Noble, N. (Executive Producers). (2002-2008). The wire [TV series]. Blown Deadline Productions; HBO.
Note : When the series spans multiple years, separate the years with an en dash. If the series is still airing, replace the second year with word “present” eg: (2015- present). |
(Simon et al., 2002-2008) Simon et al. (2002-2008) |
| TV Series episode or Webisode |
Oakley, B., & Weinstein, J. (Writers), & Lynch, J. (Director). (1995, May 21). Who shot Mr. Burns? (Part One) (Season 6, Episode 25) [TV series episode]. In D. Mirkin, J. L. Brooks, M. Groening, & S. Simon (Executive Producers). The Simpsons. Gracie Films; Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation.
Note : Include writer(s) and the director for the episode. Include the contributor roles in parentheses after each contributor’s name. “Writer” and “Director” are shown here, but “Executive Director” or other role descriptions might also be used. Provide the season number and episode after the title in parentheses. |
(Oakley et al., 1995) Oakley et al. (1995) |
| TED Talk |
Giertz, S. (2018, April). Why you should make useless things [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/si mone_giertz_why_you_sh ould_make_useless_things
TED. (2012, March 16). Brene Brown: Listening to shame [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psN1DORYYVO
Note : When the TED Talk comes from TED’s website (as with the Giertz example), use the name of the speaker as the author. When the TED Talk is on YouTube, list the owner of the YouTube account (here, TED) as the author to aid in retrieval. |
(Giertz, 2018) Giertz (2018)
(TED, 2012) TED (2012) |
| Webinar, Recorded |
Goldberg, J. F. (2018). Evaluating adverse drug effects [Webinar]. American Psychiatric Association. https://education.psyc hiatry.org/Users/ProductDetails .aspx?ActivityID=6172
Note : Use this format only for recorded, retrievable webinars. Cite unrecorded webinars as personal communications |
(Goldberg, 2018) Goldberg (2018) |
| YouTube Video or Other Streaming Video |
Cutts, S. (2017, November 24). Happiness [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/244405542
University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=qm1xGfOZJc8 |
(Cutts, 2017) Cutts (2017
(University of Oxford, 2018) University of Oxford (2018) |
| Music Album |
Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos: Concertos BWV 1043 & 1060 [Album recorded by Academy of St Martin in the Fields]. Decca. (Original work published 1721)
Bowie, D. (2016). Blackstar [Album]. Columbia.
Note : For a recording of a classical work, provide the composer as the author, and note (in square brackets) following the title the individual or group who recorded the version you used. Provide the publication date for the version you used, and provide the year of original composition in parentheses at the end of the reference. |
(Bach, 2010) Bach (2010)
(Bowie, 2016) Bowie (2016)
|
| Single Song or Track |
Beyonce. (2016). Formation [Song]. On Lemonade. Parkwood; Columbia
Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [song recorded by Staatskapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Compete symphonies. Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)
Note : If the song has no associated album, omit that part of the reference. Include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieval. |
(Beyonce, 2016) Beyonce (2016)
(Beethoven, 2012) Beethoven (2012) |
| Podcast |
Thompson, D. (Host). (2018-present). Crazy/Genius [Audio podcast]. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/crazygenius/
Govey, J. (Host). (2020, November 28). Woman’s hour: The crown, Diana and a new generation. [Audio podcast]. https://player.fm/series/womans-hour.
Webster, M., & Abumrad, J. (Hosts). (2020, September 11). Bringing gamma back, again [Audio podcast episode]. In Radiolab. WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles /bringing-gamma-back
Hannah-Jones, N. (Host). (2019, September 13). How the bad blood started (No. 4) [Audio podcast episode]. In 1619. The New York Times. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/episode-4-howthe- bad-bloodstarted/id1476928106?i=1000449718223 |
(Thompson, 2018) Thompson (2018)
(Govey, 2020) Govey (2020)
(Webster & Abumrad, 2020) Webster and Abumrad (2020)
(Hannah-Jones, 2019) Hannah-Jones (2019) |
| PowerPoint Slides or Lecture Notes |
Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [Powerpoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login
Rustad, J. (n.d.). Importance of scholarly voice [Google slides]. Blackboard@CSS. https://courses.css.edu/
Note : When citing an online slides and lecture notes, provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title. |
(Mack & Spake, 2018) Mack and Spake (2018)
(Rustad, n.d.). Rustad (n,d,) |
Social Media
Online Media / Social Media
Cite only original content from social media sites as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and so forth. Social media posts may contain text only, text with audiovisuals (e.g., photos, videos), or audiovisuals alone.
Tweet
Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Tweet]. Site Name. URL
Twitter Profile
Author, A. A. [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
Facebook Post
Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Facebook [Status update]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
Facebook Page
Author, A. A. [@username]. (n.d.). Facebook [Facebook page]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
Instagram, Photo or Video
Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words. [Video/Photograph]. Site
Name. https://xxxxxx
Instagram Highlight
Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Highlight title [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from
https://xxxxxx
Online Forum Post
Author, A. A. & Name of Group [username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of post [Online forum post]. Publisher.
http://www.someaddress.co m/full/url/.
| Source Type | Reference List |
In-Text Citations (Parenthetical &Narrative) |
| Tweet |
National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2020, January 12). Scientists knew African grays are clever, but now they’ve been documented assisting other members of their species—even strangers [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NatGeo/status/121634635 2063537154 |
(National Geographic. 2020) National Geographic (2020)
|
| Twitter Profile |
APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://twitter.com/APA_Style
UNICEF Malaysia [@myUNICEF]. (n.d.). Championing all rights, for all children, anywhere [Twitter profile]. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from https://twitter.com/myUNICEF
Note : Provide retrieval date because the contents of the page can change over time. |
(APA Style, n.d.) APA Style (n.d.)
(UNICEF Malaysia, n.d.) UNICEF Malaysia (n.d.) |
| Facebook Post |
Ramsay, G. [@gordonramsay]. (2020, November 28). A classic hearty pasta dish perfect as the temperature drop! [Video]. https://www.facebook.com/gordonramsay/videos/391 287018885191
Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refugees could be at serious risk during Bangladesh’s monsoon session. My fellow UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. http://bit.ly/2JQxPAD |
(Ramsay, 2020) Ramsay (2020)
(Gaiman, 2018) Gaiman (2018) |
| Facebook Page |
National Geographic. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved December 2, 2020, from https://www.facebook .com/natgeo |
(National Geographic, n.d.) National Geographic (n.d.) |
| Instagram, Photo or Video |
APA Public Interest Directorate [@apapubint]. (2019, June 14). Male depression is serious, but many men try to ignore it or refuse treatment. Different men have different symptoms, but [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BysOqenB1v7/?utm_s ource=ig_web_copy_link
World Wildlife Fund [@world_wildlife], (2020, November 18). Here’s some good news for your feed: Seeddispering drones will help rebuild koala populations devastated by the Australian bushfires. [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com /p/CHtf8UVFyQ2/ |
(APA Public Interest Directorat, 2019) APA Public Interest Directorat (2019)
(World Wildlife Fund, 2020) World Wildlife Fund (2020) |
| Instagram Highlight |
Consumer Forum Malaysia [@cfm_malaysia]. (n.d.). Online pocket talk. [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved October 30, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/p/CG8tnTjlbQ2/
Note: Although each story within the highlight is dated, the highlight itself is not dated, so use "n.d." in the reference. Because the highlight can be changed at any time, with content added or removed, include the retrieval date with the URL. |
(Consumer Forum Malaysia, n.d.) Consumer Forum Malaysia (n.d.) |
| Online Forum Post |
Aster [AsteroidPizza39]. (2020, August 30). Students/Teachers of Reddit, what’s the best ‘forgot to turn off the mic’ story during virtual learning? [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/ijcm7t/ studentsteachers_of_reddit_whats_the_best_forgot/
NOTE: If only the screen name is available for the author, then use the screen name. However, if the author provides a real name, use their real name instead. Be sure to provide the exact date of the posting. Follow the date with the subject line, the thread of the message (not in italics). Provide any identifiers in brackets after the title, as in other types of references. |
(Aster, 2020) Aster (2020) |