Kufi is the oldest calligraphic form of the various Arabic scripts and consists of a modified form of the old Nabataean script. Kufi developed around the end of the 7th century in Kufa, Iraq, from which it takes its name, and other centres. Until about the 11th century it was the main script used to copy Qur'ans. Square or geometric Kufi is a very simplified rectangular style of Kufi widely used for tiling.
Ruqʿah or Riqʿah (Arabic: رقعة) is a calligraphic variety of Arabic script. The Ruqʿah style of handwriting is the most common type of handwriting. It is known for its clipped letters composed of short, straight lines and simple curves, as well as its straight and even lines of text. It was probably derived from the Thuluth and Naskh styles. It is clear and legible, and is the easiest script for daily handwriting.
An astronomer, geographer and founder of several branches and basic concepts of mathematics.